Neferneferuaten

Neferneferuaten, also known as Ankhkheperure-mery-Neferkheperure, was a Pharaoh in the end of the Amarna Period during the Eighteenth Dynasty. Her gender is confirmed by feminine traces found in the name she was known with, “Epithet Akhet-en-hyes”, which means “Effective for her husband”. It appears she ruled a sole reign for 3 Regnal Year in Pairi’s inscription. The accepted interpretation of the evidence was that Smenkhkare served as coregent with Akhenaten beginning in about year 15, using the throne name of Ankhkheperure. To start his sole reign, he changed his name to Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten. Many historians claim that Nefertiti was King Neferneferuaten while many others also claim she is also known as a male using the name Smenkhkare. Archeologists discovered a number of items in Tutankhamun’s tomb which were originally intended for Neferneferuaten. These consist of “Carter” which is a stunning gold pectoral depicting the goddess Nut. Other items include the stone sarcophagus, mummy wrappings, royal figurines and canopy items.

Ahhotep I

Ahhotep I or Ahhotpe, which means “The Moon is satisfied”, was a 1560- 1530 BC Ancient Egyptian queen who ruled circa during the end of the Seventeenth dynasty of ancient Egypt. She was the daughter of Queen Tetisheri or “Teti the Small” and Senakhtenre Ahmose, and claimed as the sister and the wife of seventeenth dynasty king, Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao. A stele in Karnak temple records her contribution towards her nation. Her titles include “Great Royal Wife”, “The associate of the White Crown bearer” and “King’s Mother”. It was discovered that her second son, Ahmose, led his army to Nubia to expel the Hyksos and regain lost territories. While he was gone from his nation, a group of Hyksos tried to steal the throne. Ahhotep resisted this attempt and was awarded as the “golden flies of valour” by her son. He also gave her a cache of beautiful jewelry and ornamental weaponry which was later found in a tomb at Dra Abu el-Naga near the Valley of the Kings. Her original tomb has not been discovered yet, but, modern archeologists believe that Ahhotep I’s outer coffin was buried in TT320 in Deir el Bahari.

Merneith.

Merneith or Meryt-Neith meaning “Beloved by Neith” was a consort and the first female Pharaoh who was the earliest queen regnant in recorded history of Ancient Egypt during the first dynasty. She is claimed as Djer’s daughter, and was probably the senior royal wife of Djet. She was the mother of Den, as clay seal found in the tomb of her son was engraved with “King’s Mother Merneith”. Her ruling started in the thirtieth century B.C. Her own stele contains symbols of the deity. Merneith’s tomb is close to Djet and Den’s tomb as her tomb is of the same scale as the tombs of the kings of that period. Two grave steles bearing her name were discovered near her tomb. This tomb in Abydos or Tomb Y is unique among the otherwise exclusively male tombs. Meryt-Neith also had another burial at Sakkara where archeologists found a solar boat which was believed to enable her spirit to travel with the Sun God in the Afterlife, an honor reserved normally for the king.

Twosret

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Queen Twosret or Tausret, who was also known by her royal name, “Sitre Meryamun”, which means “Daughter of Re, beloved of Amun”, was the last known ruler and the final Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty. In Manetho’s Epitome, she is recorded as a certain Thuoris, who, by Homer, is called Polybus, the husband of Alcandara, and in whose time Troy was taken. Twosret is claimed to start in Regnal year 9 which means that she had two independent years of rule. Theodore Davis discovered the Queen and her husband in a cache of jewelry in tomb KV56 in the Valley of the Kings. This tomb also contained objects bearing the name of Rameses II. Twosret’s KV14 tomb in the Valley of the Kings started in the reign of Seti II. The tomb was then usurped by Setnakht, and extended to become the deepest royal tomb in the valley, while Tawosret’s sarcophagus was reused by Amenherkhepeshef in KV13. Her statues have been found at Heliopolis and Thebes. It is claimed that expeditions were conducted during her reign to the turquoise mines in Sinai and Palestine and. Her name is also found at Abydos, Hermopolis, Memphis, and in Nubia.

Nitocris.

Nitocris, also known as Queen Neterkare or Nitiqrty, means “The Soul of Re is Divine”. She was the daughter of Pepi II and Queen Neith and claimed as the sister of Merenre Nemtyemsaf II, while she was also claimed as the last Pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty. Without having any archeological record, she is known to us only from the Turin Canon, Manetho and Herodotus. According to Herodotus, she invited the “king of Egypt” who killed her brother, to a banquet. And she killed him by flooding the sealed room with the Nile. Then, to avoid the other conspirators, she committed suicide, possibly by running into a burning room. Ancient Egyptian historian from Ptolemaic era, Manetho, claims she built the third pyramid of Giza, which was later claimed by modern historians and archaeologists to have been built by the Pharaoh Menkaure of the Fourth dynasty. Manetho was most likely confused by the similarity of the names Menkaura “the prenomen” or “throne name” of Nitocris and Menkaure. Some modern historians have suggested that she was, in fact, male, while many also claimed that Nitiqrty or Neterkare never actually existed. It is also possible that Nitiqrty and Neterkare were separate individuals and without more evidence it is very hard to prove

Ptolemaic Headdresses

Ptolemaic King Headdress

Ptolemaic King Headdress

Ptolemaic Headdress

Ptolemaic Queen Headdress

Ptolemaic King Headdress

Ptolemaic Queen Headdress

Egyptian head-dresses. The Blue Crown or war crown.

Pharaoh with Blue Crown

The Blue Crown or war crown, the Cheperesch, Part of the regalia of the child gods and kings (pharaohs).
Worn by the Pharaoh on certain occasions and often in battle. Symbolically served the crown probably the renewal and fertility. It was considered a sign of the rightful heir to the throne, who makes his claim law.

Ancient Egypt Pharaoh head-dresses and crowns.

Head-dresses: The crown of feathers, The Atef crown, Great Royal Wife of the Pharaoh with Vultures Crown.

Sculpture: Studies of heads from the canon of proportion (workshops Memphis and Thebes)

Sculpture: Types & portraits (ladies of various periods).

Sculpture: Types & portraits (senior officials from various periods).