GOD BAS . the god of fun

 The old Egyptian icon (Bas) drives one of the chariots of the brilliant ruler (Tutankhamun). 

It was made of wood covered with gold and decorated with flaps of agate, plants and blue lapis lazuli, to create an amazing composition of extraordinary excellence and magnificence. 

The divinity (Bes) was critical to our antiquated Egyptian predecessors, being the lord of fun and fun and one of the gods answerable for securing youngsters.  

ancient Egyptian

The inclination of the antiquated Egyptian development over the civic establishments of the old world 

Egypt has all the fixings that could prompt the rise of an effective development, as it appreciates a special area at the gathering purpose of three landmasses: Asia, Africa and Europe, and the incomparable Nile River goes through its properties, which was set up on the two shores of human advancement. Egypt additionally had secure characteristic boundaries, as a desert in the east and west, and gondolas block the course of the Nile waters in the south, and the Mediterranean in the north, which presented to it a decent lot of security and soundness. 

Egypt delighted in the benefit of simple correspondence between its various parts, and this is because of the absence of tough grounds, the nonappearance of mountain ranges remaining before this, and it appreciated a steady atmosphere to an enormous degree, which furnished the Egyptian individuals with an occasion to play out their work under appropriate climatic conditions. 

At that point there is the Egyptian man who was able to worry about out the concern of this human progress, and who associated with all the past fixings, and this collaboration brought about that recognized development inventiveness. The old Egyptian man was certain of his capacities to lead, and that is the reason he called himself: "the individuals of the sky," or "the individuals of the Nile," which is the individuals who were made from the tear of the eye, and any remaining people groups of the earth were made from an offending fluid. 

A people who has every one of these fixings, the components of material and elusive development, needed to have advancements at the degree of what was ready for it from the fixings. 

The Egyptian progress has been since man gotten comfortable the place that is known for Egypt (in the fifth thousand years BC and all through the Pharaonic time). It has gained incredible ground in numerous everyday issues, as it was accounted for by numerous contemporary developments, which thus gave it over to the human advancements that followed them, which can be followed in certain perspectives, even in the progress of the cutting edge age. 

Also, if the Western human progress owes credit to what it has reached to the Greek human advancement, and they seldom get some information about the rise and improvement of Greek development, its association with the Egyptian human progress, and the degree of its impact with it. 

In spite of the fact that an individual can't deny the goodness of Greek development in the fields of theory, medication, cosmology, sports and all parts of craftsmanship, simultaneously we can't overlook the acknowledgment by numerous Greek researchers because of the progress of Egypt and other old Near Eastern civic establishments, some of whom concentrated in Egypt, And they took in a ton from its researchers in the fields of science and human expressions, and some may find out if the old Egyptian progress was the most seasoned progress in the antiquated world, or if there were civilizations that went before or started simultaneously. 

Truth be told, the particular meaning of the word human progress will without a doubt help answer this inquiry. On the off chance that the importance of human advancement is the appearances of the advancement that man has accomplished in his life, at that point there is no uncertainty that man has prevailing with regards to accomplishing this in numerous pieces of the earth at the same time, then again, actually he didn't proceed with it and push it advance and create himself, and accomplish more developments as progress did Old. 

The Egyptian progress, despite the fact that it is the most established human advancements, is simultaneously the most antiquated and true developments that have enduring effect on contemporary and later developments. In spite of this initiative and the reasonable effect on different developments, one can't prevent the prudence from getting different civic establishments in later times, for example, the Babylonian and Assyrian human advancements in Mesopotamia, the Phoenician progress in Syria, the Persian civilization in Persia, and the Greek and Roman human advancements in Greece and the Romans. 

At the point when we take a gander at certain parts of progress, we ensure the degree of authority and profundity of the impact of the Egyptian human advancement, for instance composing arrived at Egypt around 3500 BC, where hieroglyphic composing showed up, at that point hieratic composition, at that point demotic content, at that point Coptic content, before others. Developments of the Ancient World. 

Furthermore, if Egypt didn't have a clue about the total letter set, as its phonemic development depended on signs with one letter, two with two letters, and three letters with three letters, and if the Phoenicians in Syria were the principal people groups to know the full letter set, at that point they were influenced in that by the Sinaitic letter set (proportion To the Sinai Peninsula), which uncovered its signs in the stones of Jabal al-Maghara and Serabit al-Khadim in South Sinai. From the Phoenician letter set, the Greek and Latin letters in order were determined, from which the advanced European letters in order were inferred. 

In the field of composing materials, the Egyptians prevailing with regards to making paper before others of the papyrus plant, which is a three-sided stem plant that used to fill in shrubs and swamps, and on the banks of the Nile and the shores of lakes. 

Papyrus stayed being used all through the Pharaonic time, and in the Greek and Roman times, and imported from Egypt, Greece and the Romans, and was sent out to the nations of the East through one of the Mediterranean ports (which is the port of Byblos close to Beirut), which was referred to in Greek messages as "Byblos", which is the name It is gotten from the word papyrus. Bedouins kept on utilizing papyrus until the 10th century, when they embraced the Chinese technique for making paper. Papyrus is as yet utilized in Egypt and outside Egypt for the travel industry purposes, and a declaration of correspondence between the past and the present. 

In the field of writing (particularly astuteness writing, exhortation, axioms, and serenades), the old Egyptians arrived at an extraordinary arrangement, as this sort of writing left an incredible effect in Asia, so the melody of Akhenaten (one of the eighteenth administration rulers who controlled in the fourteenth century BC) - is the principal thought An Egyptian calls for monotheism that depends on the love of one god, specifically: Aton (the circle of the sun), and he dismissed the assortment of the divine beings that won in Egypt before Akhenaten went out to the old world with his new calling, and picked a spot other than the capital Thebes (at present Luxor), and this spot is Tell el-Amarna (Dermawas Center, Minya Governorate), to dwell in it and welcome him to his god Aton. 

Akhenaten got away from his new god with a magnificent song recorded on the dividers of the burial place of one of his partners, Ay, the High Priest of Aten, who later became lord of Egypt. Scientists in the study of relative religions have seen that there is a practically complete match between what was referenced in the song and what was referenced in Psalm 104 of the Psalms of the Prophet David, upon him be tuberculosis.

Cent NESU

Cent Nesu, "the king's sister."

  - In the era of the second transition

 The earliest known examples of this title can be traced back to the Seventeenth Dynasty, as it was taken by the two queens, "Sobek M.S. S."  And the queen, “Aah Hatti,” is the wife of the king, “Sqnen Ra the First,” and the mother of the king, “Ahmose the First”.

  - In the era of the modern state

 In the Eighteenth Dynasty, Queen Ahmose Nefertari, wife of Ahmose the First, took this title, as did the daughters of this king, who are: “Merit Amun,” “Sat Amun,” “Sat Khams,” and “Hantat Thameh.” The queen also took it.  Aah Hatta, the second, the wife of the king, “Amnehat the first,”; the two queens, “Aah Mas,” and “Mutt Naft”, the two wives of the king, “Tuthmosis the First,”; Queen “Hatshepsut,” and her daughter, “Nefru-Ra”;  The third, "Queen Aret," wife of King Tuthmosis the Fourth, and Nefertiti, wife of Akhenaten.

 In the nineteenth family, queens did not take this title, while the wives of statesmen were described by the word (his sister).

 In the Twentieth Dynasty, only Queen Teti, wife of King Rameses III, took this title.

 It is worth noting that most of those who took the title (the king's sister) also had the title (the king's wife), or (the king's great wife).  Their assumption of the two titles together calls for thinking about whether the king's wife is really his sister, or that the title (the king's sister) does not mean in most cases that its bearer is really the king's sister, and that it is nothing more than an honorary title, and an honor bestowed upon the queens by the kings.

 In fact, the issue of (wife / sister) has differed according to the opinions of scholars, so the brother’s marriage to his sister, which is now seeing something strange to us, may have been a normal thing in ancient Egypt.  The two deities “Auxerre” and “Set” took from their two sisters “Isz” (Isis) and “Nabet Hat” (Nephthys) as their spouses, and this intermarriage between the deities may have become a model for the Egyptians, especially in the royal family, to preserve the purity of royal blood.

 In the Eighteenth Dynasty, Queen "Ahmose Nefertari" was the husband of her brother, King "Ahmose the First", and the Queen "Aah Hatti the Second" was also the husband of her brother, the King, "Amenah the First", among other examples.

 As for people, it was referred to - in their texts - to the wife as (his beloved sister, his beloved wife);  Sometimes she is referred to only as (his lovely sister);  Sometimes it was referred to as “the sister who occupies your heart”; or: “Your beloved sister who likes to talk to her.” Such phrases were undoubtedly referring to the wife.

 This and if the king’s marriage - if our interpretation of the sources is correct - with his sister aims to preserve the purity of royal blood, then the marriage of an ordinary person to his sister may have been the fruit of intimacy, affection and family bonding, or a desire to preserve the family’s property without squandering it by marrying strangers.

  It is also worth noting that if some of the holders of this title were sisters to their husbands, then some of them were not sisters to the husbands, whether they were kings or persons other than the royal house.  Because it seems that the word (sister) has come to mean (beloved), so the title (sister of the king) is nothing but a description that describes the queen, meaning that she is (the lover), and she is the one who is in the status of a sister.

 What confirms this is that the title (the king's wife) comes in most cases directly after the title (the king's sister), which indicates that both titles complement the other.

 Also, Queen T, the wife of the king, “Gendethe III,” - for example - was described as (his sister), and she is not a full sister or even half-sister of the king.

 Likewise, "Nefertiti" - the wife of "Akhenaten" has taken the title (the king's sister), and there is no evidence that she is the sister of King Akhenaten.

 Likewise, what confirms that the word (sister) has come to mean (beloved) is the Egyptian love songs, in which the lovers used to always address the words (my brother) and (my sister).

  In one of the songs the girl says

 "Brother, it is nice to go to the lake and wash in front of you."

   The boy says

 "When I see my sister coming, my heart rejoices,

 I open my arms to embrace her, and my heart will rejoice in its place. "

cobra snake

The magnificence and accuracy of the ancient Egyptian artist

She appears with distinction in this rare masterpiece

(The cobra snake) It belongs to King Senusret II, the central state, the twelfth family. Today it is four thousand years old and it is of pure gold and inlaid with precious stones.

It was found in 1889 in the offering room in the pyramid of Lahoun in Fayoum.

Egyptian Museum.

Princess Nefert

Princess Nefert and her husband, Prince (Ra_hotep)

 The scientist Merritt found that the northern wall was wavy and uneven. Merritt realized that there was something behind the wall.

 He ordered the workers to drill through the wall to see what was behind it, and after they had drilled through it

And light the torches to see beyond the wall.

 The workers shouted in panic and ran out of the cemetery

And they were chanting, "In demons, in the neighborhood of people, this is a haunted cemetery."

 Merritt ordered the wall to be broken in order to see the most beautiful statue in the Egyptian monuments, Princess Nefert and her husband, Prince Ra Hotep.

 The lights of the torches were reflected from the eyes of alienation, giving the feeling that the statue was alive and looking at you ...

 Prince Ra Hotep, son of King Senefru, lived during the reign of Abiyya # _ the fourth family, and was a contemporary of his brother, King Khufu

Egyptian Museum .

god Amun

Statue of the god Amun

As imagined by the artist.

  Howard Carter bought it for one pound in 1917, and it is of pure gold .. and gave it to Lord Carnival on his birthday.

  It was found in the Temple of Karnak and dates back to the late era of the Twenty-second Dynasty and is now in the Metropolitan Museum.

Merit Aton

The statue of Princess Marit Aton, who is the daughter of Nefertiti and Akhenaten, sent a message to her husband (Smenkh Ka Ra), who was fighting on the battlefield outside Egypt in defense of Egypt.

   Here we see (Merit Aton L.) writing a letter to her husband and lover on the battlefield, expressing the thinnest words and sweetest phrases and saying:

"I will be waiting for you ... always waiting for you..so waiting for you is the hope in which I live and live for it, and as long as the amulet of Hathor adorns your broad chest and its twin adorns my wrist, God will preserve you so that you return safely to me as you promised me with the sanctuary of the temple

My love, I will be waiting for you, and I will wear my most beautiful outfits, such as the tree that is adorned with its most beautiful flowers, my beloved

Egyptian Mummy’s DNA

The Extraction of an Ancient Egyptian Mummy’s DNA

Back in 1915, US archaeologists went on an excavation mission of the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Deir El-Bersha, where they discovered a hidden tomb. When they opened it, they found a mummy’s gruesomely severed head. The room, in which they discovered the tomb, was the final resting place for a governor named Djehutynakht (juh-HOO-tuh-knocked) along with his wife. They are believed to have existened around 2000 BC during Egypt’s Middle Kingdom. Over the years, robbers have stolen the gold and jewels inside the chamber. In order to cover their tracks, they threw the headless, limbless mummified torso into one corner of the room, and set the room on fire.

The archaeologists tried to recover the painted coffins and anything that survived the theft, then sent them to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1921. The collection was exhibited in 2009. As for the body, the torso remained in Egypt, while the detached head became an unsolved mystery, waiting to be revealed. First, the museum needed to know if the head belonged to a he or a she (referring to the governor or his wife). They decided that only a DNA test would answer their question. However, in 2009, the extraction of DNA from mummies was still not a successful progress.

The head of the mummy was examined in Massachusetts General Hospital in 2005, using a CT scan, it was revealed that head had missing cheek bones and part of its jaw hinge. These features could have helped in determining the sex of the mummy. This destruction in the head spiked up another question: why is the face full of disfigurements? Dr. Rajiv Gupta, a neuroradiologist, stated that the attachment of muscles functioning in chewing and closure of the mouth were all taken out. It is believed that this disfigurement may be a part of the ancient mummification practice known as “opening of the mouth” ceremony. This ritual was done since Pharaohs believed that there was an afterlife, and so the deceased could eat, drink and breathe easier. Surprisingly enough, the cuts are very precise – ancient Egyptians somehow performed coronidectomy surgery 4,000 years ago.

What made extraction of DNA from Egyptian mummies so challenging is because of the very hot weather of the desert, rapidly degrading DNA. All attempts to obtain any DNA failed or the results were contaminated with modern DNA. The only option was to ask the Federal Bureau of Investigation for help.

It was decided by the doctors and museum staff that the only way to obtain the mummy’s DNA was to extract a tooth from its mouth. It’s well-known that teeth contain DNA. Many scientists tried to obtain DNA from the tooth, but they still failed. Until 2016, when the crown of the tooth reached the FBI’s lab in Quantico, Virginia. In the FBI’s lab, Dr. Odile Loreille, a forensic scientist, dug into the tooth, collected some powder, then dissolved it.

 The process contained analysis of the sample and the ratio of chromosomes in the sample. The DNA extracted showed signs of heavy damage, which meant that it was not a contaminated modern DNA. And it was a success! Finally, the head was identified: it belonged to a male. And by that, ancient Egyptian DNA could indeed be extracted from mummies. Who knows how many more mysteries can be revealed?

Pharaohs of ancient Egypt (their customs and traditions)

 

Pharaohs of ancient Egypt (their customs and traditions)

 

Pharaoh, (means "incredible house"), initially, the illustrious royal residence in antiquated Egypt. The word came to be utilized metonymically for the Egyptian lord under the New Kingdom (beginning in the eighteenth administration, 1539–1292 BCE), and by the 22nd tradition (c. 945–c. 730 BCE) it had been embraced as an appellation of regard. It was never the lord's proper title, however, and its advanced use as a nonexclusive name for all Egyptian rulers depends on the use of the Hebrew Bible. In authentic records, the full title of the Egyptian ruler comprised of five names, each went before by one of the accompanying titles: Horus, Two Ladies, Golden Horus, King of Upper and Lower Egypt, and Son of Re. The last name was given to him during childbirth, the others at crowning celebration.

Egyptians consider the Pharaohs their Gods!

The Egyptians accepted their pharaoh to be the arbiter between the divine beings and the universe of men. After death the pharaoh got divine, related to Osiris, the dad of Horus and lord of the dead, and gave his sacrosanct powers and position to the new pharaoh, his child. The pharaoh's perfect status was depicted in symbolic terms: his uraeus (the snake on his crown) spat flares at his adversaries; he had the option to stomp on a huge number of the foe on the combat zone; and he was almighty, knowing it all and controlling nature and richness.

 

 

Pharaohs responsibilities) How pharaohs ruled Egypt)

As a celestial ruler, the pharaoh was the preserver of the inherent request, called maat. He possessed an enormous part of Egypt's territory and coordinated its utilization, was answerable for his kin's monetary and profound government assistance, and apportioned equity to his subjects. His will was preeminent, and he administered by illustrious announcement. To administer decently, however, the pharaoh needed to assign obligation; his central partner was the vizier, who, among different obligations, was boss equity, top of the depository, and administrator everything being equal. Underneath this focal position, the illustrious will of the pharaoh was regulated through the nomes, or regions, into which Upper and Lower Egypt were isolated.

 

Numerous researchers accept the primary pharaoh was Narmer, additionally called Menes. In spite of the fact that there is some discussion among specialists, many accept he was the primary ruler to join upper and lower Egypt (this is the reason pharaohs hold the title of "master of two terrains").

Female pharaohs!

 Pharaohs were ordinarily male, in spite of the fact that there were some essential female pioneers, as Hatshepsut and Cleopatra. Hatshepsut, specifically, was an effective ruler, however numerous engravings and landmarks about her were devastated after her demise—maybe to prevent future ladies from turning out to be pharaohs.

Pharaohs believed that there is Life after death

After their demises, numerous pharaohs were buried and encircled by wealth they were intended to use in life following death. Travelers and archeologists have found these burial chambers and took in a lot about antiquated Egyptian culture from them. One exceptionally well-known model was in 1922 when prehistorian Howard Carter found the burial chamber of King Tutankhamen, a pharaoh who passed on when he was just nineteen.

 

Elephantine Temple

The reuse and reusing of funerary landmarks and assortments happened since the commencement of old Egypt from many rulers and aristocrats of old Egypt (which is regularly called the usurpation of the artifacts of the progenitors) - and a long way from that advanced idea of considering a few rulers ransacked the relics of their precursors and thinking of them as insatiable rulers who reused the ancient pieces Those who went before them for individual magnificence, however by and large there were loved strict purposes behind doing as such ... What occurred during the rule of King Senusret I of re-fixing old offices that were harmed, was a model that Queen Hatshepsut continued in modifying, reestablishing and fixing tremendous structures Affected offices 

On account of sacrosanct design, the demolition of strict offices and landmarks according to the antiquated Egyptian was commensurate to obliterating the inestimable world and reestablishing its maintenance and rebuilding is the reclamation of the world to the hallowed scene and the framework once more 

Very nearly a century after the removal of the Hyksos, Queen Hatshepsut expressed on the dividers of her sanctuary known as Istabl Antar, south of Minya, that these intruders didn't care for the Egyptian culture, and that she fixed what was obliterated and modified what was annihilated when the Asians were living in Awares in the Delta and he used to live among them. The drifters who annihilated what existed, on the grounds that they were administering without the god Ra. "This is the manner by which the content says, albeit numerous Hyksos lords bore the name" Ra " 

The fundamental element of the arrangement that Hatshepsut followed and afterward Tuthmosis III followed was development all through the nation .... It appears to be that Queen Hatshepsut started reestablishing the nation and kept on thinking about and change it. 

The principle objective of these sanctuary redesigns was that all rulers in old Egypt discovered crushed sanctuaries, including those worked of mud blocks from prior times ... The possibility of ​​renovation was communicated in structures that were reestablished and mostly remade, which portrays a gathering of development works during the rule of Hatshepsut. Furthermore, Thutmose III attested that this style was not created in the Eighteenth Dynasty, yet was utilized significantly sooner during the rule of King Senusret the First. 

Every one of these rulers accepted that the world that they found had been harmed to an enormous degree, so their job was to modify the crushed nation and reestablish request to it, and make and recharge structures, that is, to reestablish Maat (the inestimable framework) once more. 

Lords used to depict the decay of the current world from one viewpoint and its reestablishment then again. There were numerous highlights connecting the rule of Senusret I and the reign of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III in remaking and fixing what was harmed. 

Senusret likewise sought after a similar political and change program in the nation that his dad, Amenemhat, had taken, and Hatshepsut and Thutmose III finished it, and after them Horemheb and Seti the First Ramses II, and hence this was a convention followed, and it appears to be that Senusret I acquired this idea from his dad and kept on reconstructing the nation 

For the reasons for the regal philosophy, the decimated world was spoken to in detail as a picture that mirrors the demolished custom scene in three writings, including two writings from two elephants, one of which is a regal pronouncement composed on the mass of the sanctuary and the other is engraved on an uncommon plaque ... furthermore, the third content comes from the city of al-Toud in Luxor, the focal point of the religion of the nit "Minto" Lord War, toward the start of the rule of King Senusret the First 

The sanctuary on Elephantine was in an extremely helpless condition as per the content safeguarded on the external mass of the sanctuary where the recorded content says: "The Great Hall was a heap of rubble on the ground ... There is no information on shrewdness, no room in the sanctuary for the undertakings of ladies (priestesses), no spot For the "HM-NTR" (The Priest) ... No entryway, no entryway papers to seal the crates 

It appears to be that the regal engraving shows the genuine condition of the terrible scene in the Temple of Elephantine, and a similar data was introduced in another content of what befell this honorable structure: "A few pieces of it vanished, its dividers were demolished, and all the rooms were loaded with rubble, and the earth gulped its holiness .... and so forth 

A similar picture is comparable in a book recorded on the mass of the Temple of the Toud in Luxor during the rule of King Senusret the First: "Every one of its rooms were heaps on the ground, the blessed spot was totally failed to remember

KA

KA 

The King of Egypt and the "Ka" government are the secret of the endless patterns of creation 

Every one of the rulers of Egypt is essential for the perfect mystery behind the redundancy of the patterns of creation and the rebirth of people. 

The ka majesty is the way to understanding the secret of the endless patterns of creation, so we need to stop at this idea to attempt to comprehend it through antiquated Egyptian writings. 

The old Egyptians accepted that the individual isn't just an actual body, however there are numerous magical components and profound bodies that partake together in the arrangement of the human substance that consolidates the two boundaries (destruction and interminability), and among these powerful components and otherworldly bodies the ka 

The "ka" appears at a similar second the actual body is made, and the pictograph for "ka" is two arms raised to the sky. 

The "ka" is conceived at a similar second when the actual body is conceived, implying that the "ka" is the existence energy that possesses everything known to mankind and enables it to live and move 

Everything known to mankind has a "ka" (creatures, plants, heavenly bodies, and awesome substances likewise have "ka" (plural ka)). 

The hieroglyphic image for "ka" communicates the demonstration of grasping, and it is an action word showing the presence of a feeling of affection, sympathy and kindness that goes with the transmission of the "ka" energy from the awesome substance that encompasses everything known to mankind and gives it life energy 

The "ka" is the thing that sustains the actual body and is liable for its development. Consequently, the "ka" in Egyptian strict way of thinking is especially connected with food, where the plural type of "ka" - which is kao - is utilized to indicate nourishments. 

In the substance of the pyramids (text No. 789) came these expressions that tended to the ruler of Egypt, saying: "When you decontaminate your body, your mug cleans itself ... that your mummy sits with you and eats bread with you generally and for eternity." 

So the ka is the grandiose power answerable for food, and it is the material body that safeguards the actual body during an individual's life on earth. The actual body lives as long as the ka is appended to it, and when the ka is isolated from it, demise happens and the actual body loses its imperativeness and starts to disintegrate. To its essential components. 

The actual body kicks the bucket, however the ka doesn't pass on, but instead moves to the dowat (the hidden world) where it lives there and gets contributions of bread, brew and different nourishments that are put in the burial places and offered as penances for the dead. 

When considering the idea of "ka" in Egyptian strict way of thinking, we find that the implications of "ka" are not restricted to the fundamental energy that sustains the actual body. 

A similar word is additionally used to mean bull, and it is likewise composed with a similar hieroglyphic image, which is the arms raised up, which demonstrates the demonstration of grasping .... What's more, the bull in old Egypt is an image of the astronomical power that re-embeds the seed of life in the belly of the inestimable mother. 

The antiquated Egyptians and different occupants of old civic establishments dominated in utilizing similar sounding word usage to communicate the connection among astronomical and otherworldly ideas and things having a place with the material world. 

One of the most clear instances of this is the utilization of "ka" to indicate the bull, which is an image of virility, and furthermore to signify the illustrious "ka", which means the essential body of the lord (or the associate). 

The ruler is depicted as a "solid bull", a portrayal regularly referenced in the Hourly title of the rulers of Egypt, particularly in the time of the cutting edge state. Along these lines, the Hourly title is some of the time called "the title of the Ka", and this title shows up as a rule composed over the "Ka" sign, which is In the type of arms raised up 

"Ka-mut-f" (the bull of its mom) is written in pictographs utilizing three images: an image as a bull, an image as the indication of the "ka" (arms raised up) and an image as a female falcon which gives the phonetic estimation of the syllable "demise" . 

Both the bull and the ka go into the development of the name Ka Mutif (its mom's bull), which implies that its job isn't simply restricted to planting a seed of new life toward the finish of the enormous cycles, yet in addition has a part in food. 

This relationship is especially apparent in the collect celebration, as recorded by the Egyptian craftsman on the dividers of the Temple of Habu, where the ceremonies connected the food cycle that closes with the reap of the planting and the transmission of the Egyptian regal tradition starting with one age then onto the next ... In the reap celebration, the spirits of progenitors are evoked through their sculptures and pictures. . 

Quite possibly the main obligations of the ruler in old Egypt is to guarantee the ripeness of the land so the individuals can discover enough food ... To accomplish this, the lord needed to play out certain strict ceremonies on the reap celebration, where the spirits of the precursors would impart to him (implying that the entire imperial line was a significant component in the ripeness customs. Also, gather feasts). 

The idea of "ka" incorporates both the food and the spirits of the predecessors who left to the next world however didn't separate from our reality on the grounds that the energy of life and ripeness is moved from the other world to us through them. Soul domain. 

The precursors are in a condition of perpetual presence in our reality through the ruler. They live inside 

him, uphold him, and take an interest with him in decision Egypt.

discover

The discovery of a cache of sealed coffins in Saqqara The collection of more than 13 intact and sealed coffins has been found, which is the first step towards a huge discovery that will be announced soon at the site, according to the Ministry of Antiquities

It was found inside a hole 11 meters deep, where three closed ports were also found. The statement added that these coffins are 2,500 years old and still retain some of the original colors.

The coffins were found stacked on top of each other, and initial studies indicate that the coffins are completely closed and have not been opened since their burial, and it is likely that more will be found at the same site.

Queen Nefertiti

The incomplete quartz head of Queen Nefertiti, wife of King Akhenaten, was part of a composite statue in which each element was carved separately to be grouped later into a single statue.

Like the rest of the Akhenaten family, the head depicts the queen according to the Amarna art style.

The modern state

Eighteenth Dynasty

The Amarna era

Akhenaten era

About 1353 - 1336 BC

The Egyptian Museum in Cairo

The costs of mummification

The costs of mummification were not simple, the process itself varies its cost from one person to another, as well as the external appearance of the mummy, and the quality of materials used in the mummy from others, all of this is measured by the status and wealth of the deceased, and funerary objects designed for people with different levels of wealth when they were alive, or One of the family.

There were at least strategies available for those who were planning a cemetery, some of whom could replace, imitate, merge, reuse and replace expensive materials with cheaper ones, for example use porcelain made of sand instead of more expensive gold, or a mummy mask of clay can be painted yellow. To imitate gold, especially with expensive coffins, there was a separate cartonnage (mask) that was placed on the mummy, and it was shaped like the normal size of the deceased and wore daily clothes and placed directly on the mummy to save money

These economics methods reveal immense creativity among those who did not have the means to furnish a tomb according to elite standards ... While the craftsmanship and extravagant materials used for the wealthy inspire admiration for their exceptional beauty, the things designed for the common person have a modest and eloquent presence in their own right.

A perfume box from the tomb of Tutankhamun of more than 3500 years and the box is a sculpture in alabaster, which is a kind of very hard marble stone that did not break when carving, although it is very delicate and very thin and contains many delicate spaces..and emptied from the inside.

Alabaster hard stone as a clay between their skilled fingers expressing tenderness, precision, beauty and creativity in carving in hard stone.

The amazing alabaster vase on the left is carved and cut out from a single piece of marble, and the miraculous miracle is that it is carved from the inside with exquisite thin inscriptions and engraved with drawings and inscriptions from the inside, and the long and slender neck of the vase can not be carved now except by laser technology.

The world stands incapable of thinking and interpretation in front of the ancient Pharaonic civilization, which is still unable to comprehend creativity and beauty

The Egyptian Museum in Cairo (Cairo)

Pharaonic religion

The origins and development of ancient Egyptian religion

 Throughout antiquity, the ancient Egyptian cared about the cause of this world

 - How did it grow?

 - Who created it?

 - And what is the hidden force that controls it?

 - How can this force be pleasing to avoid its evil and bring about its good?

 * The ancient Egyptians believed in the doctrine of training and resurrection, but rather professed it and had a belief and theology of their own that preceded all religions by more than two thousand years. They preceded all civilizations of the world in this knowledge.

 * The ancient Egyptian watched with deep thought all his components and guided him to several results to build his religion and beliefs: -

 1- In this existence there are elements that control the creation directly or indirectly

 2- Each of these elements guarantees a divine capacity that deserves sanctification and worship

 3- These elements are related to each other and can be traced back to one ancient origin

 * The ancient Egyptian reached the autobiography of the universe, and whoever arrives at this result must have known the owner of this universe that it did not come from an absolute vacuum.

 Consequently, the struggle was most intense in the non-unification of these elements among the ancient Egyptian in one absolute theology expressed in order to preserve the political and religious prestige. Hence, the confusion came with Nabeul between myths and truth and superstitions.

 Hence the names of the deities branched out among the first Egyptians, despite their belief that there is only one deity, and he will be held accountable on the Day of Judgment.

 * The Egyptians began developing their ideas towards their heads, so they wrapped themselves up and began looking at the relationship of these elements and deities with the issue of creation with a philosophical view that goes beyond the physical understanding of the elements of existence beyond this perceived world; and their philosophical views differed on the origin of existence and the world as a result of different political and social conditions once or as a result of competition between their cities once  Others

  

  * The ancient cities and regions have begun to offer their interpretations of the existence of the universe according to their desire, goals, and vision of their priesthood. They are schools of theological beliefs that we may express this term.

  For the fact that there is no doubt that each of these doctrines was launched from one of the Egyptian cities at the same time that they witnessed their political, civilizational, social and cultural prosperity.

  * The Egyptian man began tending to interpret all aspects of the universe religiously, as they considered the one God incarnate in everything around them, so the Nile was considered the embodiment of the god (Nun), the sun is the god (Ra), the worshiped sky (Nut), and the worshiped earth (Jeb). He explained the sunrise and sunset as the journey of the god  (Ra) the sun god, and that the eclipse and the eclipse are the obstacles facing this God, as the air was interpreted as the limbs of God (Amun)

 These lords are called nitro (divine beings / cosmic powers)

 After the pillars of the religion were completed in prehistoric times and through the doctrines of creation in the era of the families, these beliefs changed and developed according to the conditions that the country was going through from periods of weakness and transitional ages and on the contrary in periods of prosperity and prosperity, as merging between many of the gods

 * From here, the idea of ​​the old religion will be clear, so we may call it multiple doctrines and the original one. The doctrines of creation multiplied and spread in ancient Egypt. The most important of these doctrines are: -

 1- Solar doctrine: -

 This doctrine is attributed to the people of the city of On or the city of Heliopolis (the current Ain Shams) and is considered one of the oldest doctrines in existence and may return to prehistoric times in ancient Egyptian civilization and the owners of this doctrine believed in the emergence of existence and the beginning of creation that it was not in it  A land, no sky, no humans, no beings, but a lack of an infinite water entity called it (Nun), and this water entity emerged in the spirit of my God, eternal, Creator is Atum and Atum is an Egyptian word that combines two meanings of meaning (meaning of nothingness and meaning  Inclusiveness and completeness)

  Atum appeared in his first great appearance with his oneness and found himself among the first two elements of existence, one of which was mentioned in the matter of space, air and light, and he was known as (Shu) and the other was a female who was charged with dampness and dew and was known as (Tafno) and the two divine elements mixed and interacted  The rest of the great divine ninth was born from them, where two new elements appeared after them, one of which was mentioned in the matter of Jeb, and was known as Jeb, and the other was a female who commissioned the order of Heaven and was known as Nut, and heaven and earth were in their beginning connected to body and spirit until the permission of the Creator God to emerge from  Between them the dawn of life, so it was revealed to Shu (the light and the air) to separate them, so the shu (the light and the air) lifted the sky from the earth and filled the space between it and the earth with what was surrounding it and emitting it from air and light

 With this the presence is prepared for the existence of living beings and humans, so the creation was complete by the birth of the two previous gods. Four others are male, Osiris, who was sponsored in the earth by the matter of flood, fertility, and growth, and six who provided for the matter of the rains, thunder, and cyclones, and two females, each of whom was associated with her husband, Isis.  Which was associated with Osiris and Nephthys, which were associated with Best, and with this the great divine ninth was completed, which is the origin of existence with all its worlds, living beings and inanimate objects

 2- The Ashmuni school of thought:

 Attributed to the current city of the Eshmunites, located in Middle Egypt, and was known in ancient time as Ono or Hermopolis, and these ancient names were converted to the Eshmunites

 Their new doctrine revolves around the interpretation of the origin of existence in which they were fanatical to the eight elements of existence and called it the eighth and took from that the name of their new city where the number of eight was pronounced in the ancient Egyptian language Khumun and became in the Coptic language Shimon until the name developed in the Islamic era to the Ashmounin

 As for the beginning of this interpretation, the new doctrine revolves around the controversy that abounded around the solar doctrine in different Egyptian cities, and to the attempt of the city's Ono rulers to advance their doctrine, and perhaps behind it are political reasons represented in a kind of political schism, they have declared war in politics, religion and thought at the same time  One and these wise men tried at first to question some elements of the solar doctrine, asking among themselves whether Ra’s Atum had originally left Noun, as his followers said, so is it not considered a son of Nun, and if it is true, was it not supposed that Nun had two sides to bear children and what was  Benon surrounds before his son gives birth, and did he have a real desire to do so, and after this skepticism and these questions, Ono’s thinkers had to present their own perception of existence and how the world originated, and they said that existence in its present form is presented by four elements which are (thick water and darkness surrounding and  His motivating ability and a pleasant element he does not see) and they estimated that these four elements guarantee twins who agree in nature and differ in gender, one of which is male and the other is feminine and is the branch and that each of the twins provided a separate divine spirit and that is what made them  eight

   The first twins or first spirit overflowed in the beginning with a thick water ocean in which he settled and took a manifestation of his existence and called him with the name of Nun and a twin woman settled with him, deriving her name from his name, so they called her Taunt, then the third soul surrounded himself with thick darkness. He took a manifestation of his existence and settled in it and called with him  In the name of Cook, and in the same way, a similar female settled, deriving her name from his name, so she named Kawkat, but the fifth spirit was represented in that driving force, whose owners derived the name of the doctrine from the word indicating the movement in the rush of waves or the flow of water, so they called it a monster, then assumed the presence of the female that is similar  And derived its name from its name, so it was called Hawah, either the element or the seventh soul, it is that pleasant element that does not see any air and has named it by different names from it (grow, niao, wound and amon) and assumed a similar female and made its name derived from all previous names and  The most famous name is Amount

 And then they imagined that in the period when these eight elements or spirits, including male and female, gathered together and wanted to change what is in them from an old entity with another new entity, then they cooperated with each other to create a great sacrifice and put it on a high hill in the city of Ono and  When the sacrifice split, a new creature came out of it, in fact it was not a matter of fact except the god Ra Atum, the god of light or the sun god that God who thought the owners of the solar doctrine that he found from nothing and since the emergence of God Ra Atum the world has become ready for the existence of beings and humans and thus we note that  The difference between the solar doctrine and the Ashmunite gold is represented in two basic things. The first is the difference over the origin of the god Atum Ra, while the first gold holders believe that he found himself from the lack of belief in the owners of the second doctrine that he came after the eighth and through the cooperation of those spirits or the eight deities in creating  The sacrifice that was split and the god came out

 Secondly, it is represented in the difference about the basic elements of existence, while the solar doctrine came clear in the deification of the different elements of existence and an explanation of how each pair came from the previous husband and that everyone came thanks to God Atom as the Creator God, we find that the Ashmounian conception came ambiguous with regard to its name  These four basic spirits and how to distinguish between a male and a female to the degree that they are born from them by dividing them into a male and a female that the eighth enemy who is the origin of God, and admiration of the second doctrine was confined to the private and intellectual circles

 3- The Exile Doctrine: -

 Attributed to the city of Memphis founded by King Mina, founder of the First Dynasty and the united Egypt. Memphis flourished in terms of culture and thought at that time and for its political status they tried to prove their superiority over the other cities, by saying that the temple of its god, God, Ptah, was the balance in which Upper and Lower Egypt was weighed. Perhaps that belief  Returns to the middle place occupied by the city of Memphis since its founding, and there is no doubt that the starting point in this doctrine will start from two things

 The first: upholding their city and its local bosses

 The second is to contain the previous two doctrines by criticizing them one time and interpreting them again to become part of their own doctrine.

 And the wise men of Mann had asked about that will that thought about creating the world and organizing its affairs, and that will must have been thought and contemplated before the order of creation itself was issued, and the thought and management must have preceded creation and development, and so the philosophers of Manaf reached the assumption of the existence of God  Creator and that he included the universe and beings with his patronage and drawing of everything in the world of his ability and actions and based on the foregoing the exiles began describing God with new qualities that distinguish him from all lords in an unprecedented way so they considered it as the heart and tongue for them all and not the heart or the tongue in everything  There is no doubt that the heart and the tongue have control over every body and the evidence is present in every chest and every mouth for both lords and humans and cattle and reptiles alike and if we asked them the strongest evidence of the validity of what they say they would say that what the eyes see and the ears hear and smell  The nose rises all to the heart. As for the mouth, it is the mouthpiece of everything, as its philosophers say Mnf: Thus, it is originally a heart (or mind) that sent all the lords.

  In this text, what confirms the discovery of the philosophers of Memphis confirms the importance of the word, especially the word of God or the divine word that is the origin of existence and the secret of the beginning of creation not only presented the idea itself, but presented it in a worthy way considering that the origin of existence in the eyes of philosophers of Memphis is the Creator God Ptah, but how was that  The remarkable matter and consideration in their vision is that the god thought of his mind or his heart and then realized the creatures by nature of every creature and then uttered the word with his tongue so it was the fullness of the matter of creation, but with regard to the aspects included in the exiled text is not a matter of the interpretation of existence and the creation of the world, the most important aspect of it is that God  It is he who has determined from the very beginning

 And evil, and based on this determination, the destiny of human beings is decided. Whoever does good or whoever works in peace according to the text gives life to him, but whoever does evil and sins is not worthy of death and death.

 4- Wasti school of thought: -

 Attribution to the ancient city of West, which is currently the shortest, and which was known in ancient time as the name of any city of the scepter, and Greece has known it in the name of good, while the Arabs called it Luxor, and it has activated its philosophies to mix between the ancient doctrines of the origin of existence and how creation in a new way gave sovereignty to the god of their city  The greatest god Amun and made her city or mother of cities and her lady

 And he has portrayed his philosophers, West (Luxor), that they deserve to be the oldest and greatest of cities, and that they were the first to appear on the first hill that overlooked his head from water, meaning that they are the earth’s origin and the home of the first creation.  The god of this city is the first and greatest god, and he is the creator of creation and the Lord of the worlds, and it is the beginning of existence, and this is what was expressed by the city philosophers in an important text in which they said (Amun was found from the beginning without knowing his origins, there was no god before him or there is a god with whom  To describe to him a body, and he did not have a mother who devised a name for him or a son, to give birth to him, and to say here, and people said about him that he was (Tannin, Lord of Memphis), and that he was Amen, who was issued by Nun, and that he was one of the guidance of all creatures and that he has another form of the eighth members  And it was he who created the first lords, and he was the one who completed himself in the form of Atum, and that he was in the beginning and wanted his philosophers and the old (shortest) philosophers to assure people that the divine spirit that they used to worship in temples and many did not in fact but one soul and that  Their situation varied, they were all issued by one and bounced back to one

 And this doctrine has remained the most common and common among the Egyptians and may be due to two main reasons

 1- He summarized all the preceding doctrines and considered them to be from the heart of the Wasti school of thought, given that the god Amon was the first hidden and the last apparent one that united with the sun god and the god of the earths all.

  2- He was the closest to the ancient Egyptians ’conception in that historical era. People in it still did not envision deism except in the form of multiple lords presided over by the Great God.

 _______________

  After we have listed the ancient philosophy of religion of the early Egyptians

  There is no longer any room for doubt that the ancient Egyptians did not disbelieve or worship stones or idols like other civilizations that were in their time, but worshiped one God in his multiple forms.

Culture of death in ancient Egypt

In the advanced time, man has lost his capacity to inward vision and cut off his association with a different universe corresponding to our reality dissimilar to the man of antiquated developments who used to consider that to be other world as a supplement to our reality 

For elderly folks individuals, demise was the opposite side of life. Demise and life both supplement one another 

As per the antiquated Egyptian messages, the spirits of individuals who left our reality consistently went toward the West, where the sun went toward the finish of every day, so the old Egyptian consistently constructed burial grounds on the western bank of the Nile. 

Also, there in the west, significant graveyards, for example, Saqqara, the Valley of the Kings, the Queens, the Tombs of the Nobles, and others were raised, some of which were covered under the sand for millennia before the archeologists of the cutting edge time prevailing with regards to finding them. 

The revelation by antiquated Egypt of archeologists of old Egypt burial places is an image of the rediscovery of the Western idea of death 

For millennia, demise stayed missing from the awareness of the Western individual, and for them it was only a condition of nothingness and destruction, however the issue was diverse in antiquated Egypt. The old Egyptian saw passing in a reality (however an alternate presence) 

The universe of the dead in Egyptian idea was a spot brimming with light, bliss, and correspondence where an individual meets those whom he adored in his base daily routine and experiences with them for a long period of time. The other world in antiquated Egypt was where an individual achieves flawlessness. 

The writings of the pyramids through writings composed inside the pyramids of Saqqara contain messages that don't manage a dead individual. They are writings that don't discuss passing yet rather talk about existence - life in a different universe - post-existence in another element of presence, maybe the fourth measurement and It is the measurement that physicists as of late found its reality 

It likewise depicts the writings of the pyramids the excursion to this covered up/internal measurement, the best approach to arrive at it and what is in it, and how to try not to fall into the snares and risky territories in it 

As the book of the two ways depicts the excursion of the spirit in the other world through two ways, one of which is a stream (an image of the Milky Way system waterway in the sky) in which the spirit runs from east to west to the realm of Osir in the west, to the inward sky, to the internal world and afterward re-visitations of go in another manner My territory toward the path from west to east, to the external sky to return, to resurrection. Between the two streets there is a lake known as the Lake of Fire, which eats up the spirits of foes who represent a danger to the parade/excursion of Cosmic Ra. 

Also, The Book of the Two Paths is an image of the individual falling into the hover of resurrection (birth, life, demise, and resurrection), and it is an excursion that man strolls on two ways from the clear world to the inward world (from east to west) and the other way around in an excursion that follows the way of the sun 

The antiquated Egyptian changed the wonder of death, the fear of the obscure, and the aching forever into a human progress practically identical to its eminence, the stars of the sky, transforming demise into a mystery of innovativeness that rouses the entire world

Fayoum Portraits

Some pictures of the Fayoum portraits that date back to the Roman era

 It is a group of paintings that were painted on wood and then installed on the face of the mummy. These portraits were found throughout Egypt, but the largest group was found in Fayoum, and it is widely believed that this photography was used as a mask (mask) on the mummies in order to identify  On him, therefore, he drew a match for the original form of the deceased, which dates back to the first century BC and continued until the third century AD in Egypt during the period of Roman rule. After that date, Coptic Christian icons began to appear, which are an extension of the Fayoum portraits.

 Of course, Fayoum portraits is the modern name for this group of paintings that have been found all over Egypt, but most of them were found in Fayoum, so I took the name of Fayoum Portraits.

 The artist excelled in depicting the features and details of the deceased through the eyes, which were often overshadowed by faint sadness.