Cent NESU

Cent Nesu, "the king's sister."

  - In the era of the second transition

 The earliest known examples of this title can be traced back to the Seventeenth Dynasty, as it was taken by the two queens, "Sobek M.S. S."  And the queen, “Aah Hatti,” is the wife of the king, “Sqnen Ra the First,” and the mother of the king, “Ahmose the First”.

  - In the era of the modern state

 In the Eighteenth Dynasty, Queen Ahmose Nefertari, wife of Ahmose the First, took this title, as did the daughters of this king, who are: “Merit Amun,” “Sat Amun,” “Sat Khams,” and “Hantat Thameh.” The queen also took it.  Aah Hatta, the second, the wife of the king, “Amnehat the first,”; the two queens, “Aah Mas,” and “Mutt Naft”, the two wives of the king, “Tuthmosis the First,”; Queen “Hatshepsut,” and her daughter, “Nefru-Ra”;  The third, "Queen Aret," wife of King Tuthmosis the Fourth, and Nefertiti, wife of Akhenaten.

 In the nineteenth family, queens did not take this title, while the wives of statesmen were described by the word (his sister).

 In the Twentieth Dynasty, only Queen Teti, wife of King Rameses III, took this title.

 It is worth noting that most of those who took the title (the king's sister) also had the title (the king's wife), or (the king's great wife).  Their assumption of the two titles together calls for thinking about whether the king's wife is really his sister, or that the title (the king's sister) does not mean in most cases that its bearer is really the king's sister, and that it is nothing more than an honorary title, and an honor bestowed upon the queens by the kings.

 In fact, the issue of (wife / sister) has differed according to the opinions of scholars, so the brother’s marriage to his sister, which is now seeing something strange to us, may have been a normal thing in ancient Egypt.  The two deities “Auxerre” and “Set” took from their two sisters “Isz” (Isis) and “Nabet Hat” (Nephthys) as their spouses, and this intermarriage between the deities may have become a model for the Egyptians, especially in the royal family, to preserve the purity of royal blood.

 In the Eighteenth Dynasty, Queen "Ahmose Nefertari" was the husband of her brother, King "Ahmose the First", and the Queen "Aah Hatti the Second" was also the husband of her brother, the King, "Amenah the First", among other examples.

 As for people, it was referred to - in their texts - to the wife as (his beloved sister, his beloved wife);  Sometimes she is referred to only as (his lovely sister);  Sometimes it was referred to as “the sister who occupies your heart”; or: “Your beloved sister who likes to talk to her.” Such phrases were undoubtedly referring to the wife.

 This and if the king’s marriage - if our interpretation of the sources is correct - with his sister aims to preserve the purity of royal blood, then the marriage of an ordinary person to his sister may have been the fruit of intimacy, affection and family bonding, or a desire to preserve the family’s property without squandering it by marrying strangers.

  It is also worth noting that if some of the holders of this title were sisters to their husbands, then some of them were not sisters to the husbands, whether they were kings or persons other than the royal house.  Because it seems that the word (sister) has come to mean (beloved), so the title (sister of the king) is nothing but a description that describes the queen, meaning that she is (the lover), and she is the one who is in the status of a sister.

 What confirms this is that the title (the king's wife) comes in most cases directly after the title (the king's sister), which indicates that both titles complement the other.

 Also, Queen T, the wife of the king, “Gendethe III,” - for example - was described as (his sister), and she is not a full sister or even half-sister of the king.

 Likewise, "Nefertiti" - the wife of "Akhenaten" has taken the title (the king's sister), and there is no evidence that she is the sister of King Akhenaten.

 Likewise, what confirms that the word (sister) has come to mean (beloved) is the Egyptian love songs, in which the lovers used to always address the words (my brother) and (my sister).

  In one of the songs the girl says

 "Brother, it is nice to go to the lake and wash in front of you."

   The boy says

 "When I see my sister coming, my heart rejoices,

 I open my arms to embrace her, and my heart will rejoice in its place. "

cobra snake

The magnificence and accuracy of the ancient Egyptian artist

She appears with distinction in this rare masterpiece

(The cobra snake) It belongs to King Senusret II, the central state, the twelfth family. Today it is four thousand years old and it is of pure gold and inlaid with precious stones.

It was found in 1889 in the offering room in the pyramid of Lahoun in Fayoum.

Egyptian Museum.

Princess Nefert

Princess Nefert and her husband, Prince (Ra_hotep)

 The scientist Merritt found that the northern wall was wavy and uneven. Merritt realized that there was something behind the wall.

 He ordered the workers to drill through the wall to see what was behind it, and after they had drilled through it

And light the torches to see beyond the wall.

 The workers shouted in panic and ran out of the cemetery

And they were chanting, "In demons, in the neighborhood of people, this is a haunted cemetery."

 Merritt ordered the wall to be broken in order to see the most beautiful statue in the Egyptian monuments, Princess Nefert and her husband, Prince Ra Hotep.

 The lights of the torches were reflected from the eyes of alienation, giving the feeling that the statue was alive and looking at you ...

 Prince Ra Hotep, son of King Senefru, lived during the reign of Abiyya # _ the fourth family, and was a contemporary of his brother, King Khufu

Egyptian Museum .

god Amun

Statue of the god Amun

As imagined by the artist.

  Howard Carter bought it for one pound in 1917, and it is of pure gold .. and gave it to Lord Carnival on his birthday.

  It was found in the Temple of Karnak and dates back to the late era of the Twenty-second Dynasty and is now in the Metropolitan Museum.

Merit Aton

The statue of Princess Marit Aton, who is the daughter of Nefertiti and Akhenaten, sent a message to her husband (Smenkh Ka Ra), who was fighting on the battlefield outside Egypt in defense of Egypt.

   Here we see (Merit Aton L.) writing a letter to her husband and lover on the battlefield, expressing the thinnest words and sweetest phrases and saying:

"I will be waiting for you ... always waiting for you..so waiting for you is the hope in which I live and live for it, and as long as the amulet of Hathor adorns your broad chest and its twin adorns my wrist, God will preserve you so that you return safely to me as you promised me with the sanctuary of the temple

My love, I will be waiting for you, and I will wear my most beautiful outfits, such as the tree that is adorned with its most beautiful flowers, my beloved

Egyptian Mummy’s DNA

The Extraction of an Ancient Egyptian Mummy’s DNA

Back in 1915, US archaeologists went on an excavation mission of the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Deir El-Bersha, where they discovered a hidden tomb. When they opened it, they found a mummy’s gruesomely severed head. The room, in which they discovered the tomb, was the final resting place for a governor named Djehutynakht (juh-HOO-tuh-knocked) along with his wife. They are believed to have existened around 2000 BC during Egypt’s Middle Kingdom. Over the years, robbers have stolen the gold and jewels inside the chamber. In order to cover their tracks, they threw the headless, limbless mummified torso into one corner of the room, and set the room on fire.

The archaeologists tried to recover the painted coffins and anything that survived the theft, then sent them to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1921. The collection was exhibited in 2009. As for the body, the torso remained in Egypt, while the detached head became an unsolved mystery, waiting to be revealed. First, the museum needed to know if the head belonged to a he or a she (referring to the governor or his wife). They decided that only a DNA test would answer their question. However, in 2009, the extraction of DNA from mummies was still not a successful progress.

The head of the mummy was examined in Massachusetts General Hospital in 2005, using a CT scan, it was revealed that head had missing cheek bones and part of its jaw hinge. These features could have helped in determining the sex of the mummy. This destruction in the head spiked up another question: why is the face full of disfigurements? Dr. Rajiv Gupta, a neuroradiologist, stated that the attachment of muscles functioning in chewing and closure of the mouth were all taken out. It is believed that this disfigurement may be a part of the ancient mummification practice known as “opening of the mouth” ceremony. This ritual was done since Pharaohs believed that there was an afterlife, and so the deceased could eat, drink and breathe easier. Surprisingly enough, the cuts are very precise – ancient Egyptians somehow performed coronidectomy surgery 4,000 years ago.

What made extraction of DNA from Egyptian mummies so challenging is because of the very hot weather of the desert, rapidly degrading DNA. All attempts to obtain any DNA failed or the results were contaminated with modern DNA. The only option was to ask the Federal Bureau of Investigation for help.

It was decided by the doctors and museum staff that the only way to obtain the mummy’s DNA was to extract a tooth from its mouth. It’s well-known that teeth contain DNA. Many scientists tried to obtain DNA from the tooth, but they still failed. Until 2016, when the crown of the tooth reached the FBI’s lab in Quantico, Virginia. In the FBI’s lab, Dr. Odile Loreille, a forensic scientist, dug into the tooth, collected some powder, then dissolved it.

 The process contained analysis of the sample and the ratio of chromosomes in the sample. The DNA extracted showed signs of heavy damage, which meant that it was not a contaminated modern DNA. And it was a success! Finally, the head was identified: it belonged to a male. And by that, ancient Egyptian DNA could indeed be extracted from mummies. Who knows how many more mysteries can be revealed?

Pharaohs of ancient Egypt (their customs and traditions)

 

Pharaohs of ancient Egypt (their customs and traditions)

 

Pharaoh, (means "incredible house"), initially, the illustrious royal residence in antiquated Egypt. The word came to be utilized metonymically for the Egyptian lord under the New Kingdom (beginning in the eighteenth administration, 1539–1292 BCE), and by the 22nd tradition (c. 945–c. 730 BCE) it had been embraced as an appellation of regard. It was never the lord's proper title, however, and its advanced use as a nonexclusive name for all Egyptian rulers depends on the use of the Hebrew Bible. In authentic records, the full title of the Egyptian ruler comprised of five names, each went before by one of the accompanying titles: Horus, Two Ladies, Golden Horus, King of Upper and Lower Egypt, and Son of Re. The last name was given to him during childbirth, the others at crowning celebration.

Egyptians consider the Pharaohs their Gods!

The Egyptians accepted their pharaoh to be the arbiter between the divine beings and the universe of men. After death the pharaoh got divine, related to Osiris, the dad of Horus and lord of the dead, and gave his sacrosanct powers and position to the new pharaoh, his child. The pharaoh's perfect status was depicted in symbolic terms: his uraeus (the snake on his crown) spat flares at his adversaries; he had the option to stomp on a huge number of the foe on the combat zone; and he was almighty, knowing it all and controlling nature and richness.

 

 

Pharaohs responsibilities) How pharaohs ruled Egypt)

As a celestial ruler, the pharaoh was the preserver of the inherent request, called maat. He possessed an enormous part of Egypt's territory and coordinated its utilization, was answerable for his kin's monetary and profound government assistance, and apportioned equity to his subjects. His will was preeminent, and he administered by illustrious announcement. To administer decently, however, the pharaoh needed to assign obligation; his central partner was the vizier, who, among different obligations, was boss equity, top of the depository, and administrator everything being equal. Underneath this focal position, the illustrious will of the pharaoh was regulated through the nomes, or regions, into which Upper and Lower Egypt were isolated.

 

Numerous researchers accept the primary pharaoh was Narmer, additionally called Menes. In spite of the fact that there is some discussion among specialists, many accept he was the primary ruler to join upper and lower Egypt (this is the reason pharaohs hold the title of "master of two terrains").

Female pharaohs!

 Pharaohs were ordinarily male, in spite of the fact that there were some essential female pioneers, as Hatshepsut and Cleopatra. Hatshepsut, specifically, was an effective ruler, however numerous engravings and landmarks about her were devastated after her demise—maybe to prevent future ladies from turning out to be pharaohs.

Pharaohs believed that there is Life after death

After their demises, numerous pharaohs were buried and encircled by wealth they were intended to use in life following death. Travelers and archeologists have found these burial chambers and took in a lot about antiquated Egyptian culture from them. One exceptionally well-known model was in 1922 when prehistorian Howard Carter found the burial chamber of King Tutankhamen, a pharaoh who passed on when he was just nineteen.