ancient Egyptian

The inclination of the antiquated Egyptian development over the civic establishments of the old world 

Egypt has all the fixings that could prompt the rise of an effective development, as it appreciates a special area at the gathering purpose of three landmasses: Asia, Africa and Europe, and the incomparable Nile River goes through its properties, which was set up on the two shores of human advancement. Egypt additionally had secure characteristic boundaries, as a desert in the east and west, and gondolas block the course of the Nile waters in the south, and the Mediterranean in the north, which presented to it a decent lot of security and soundness. 

Egypt delighted in the benefit of simple correspondence between its various parts, and this is because of the absence of tough grounds, the nonappearance of mountain ranges remaining before this, and it appreciated a steady atmosphere to an enormous degree, which furnished the Egyptian individuals with an occasion to play out their work under appropriate climatic conditions. 

At that point there is the Egyptian man who was able to worry about out the concern of this human progress, and who associated with all the past fixings, and this collaboration brought about that recognized development inventiveness. The old Egyptian man was certain of his capacities to lead, and that is the reason he called himself: "the individuals of the sky," or "the individuals of the Nile," which is the individuals who were made from the tear of the eye, and any remaining people groups of the earth were made from an offending fluid. 

A people who has every one of these fixings, the components of material and elusive development, needed to have advancements at the degree of what was ready for it from the fixings. 

The Egyptian progress has been since man gotten comfortable the place that is known for Egypt (in the fifth thousand years BC and all through the Pharaonic time). It has gained incredible ground in numerous everyday issues, as it was accounted for by numerous contemporary developments, which thus gave it over to the human advancements that followed them, which can be followed in certain perspectives, even in the progress of the cutting edge age. 

Also, if the Western human progress owes credit to what it has reached to the Greek human advancement, and they seldom get some information about the rise and improvement of Greek development, its association with the Egyptian human progress, and the degree of its impact with it. 

In spite of the fact that an individual can't deny the goodness of Greek development in the fields of theory, medication, cosmology, sports and all parts of craftsmanship, simultaneously we can't overlook the acknowledgment by numerous Greek researchers because of the progress of Egypt and other old Near Eastern civic establishments, some of whom concentrated in Egypt, And they took in a ton from its researchers in the fields of science and human expressions, and some may find out if the old Egyptian progress was the most seasoned progress in the antiquated world, or if there were civilizations that went before or started simultaneously. 

Truth be told, the particular meaning of the word human progress will without a doubt help answer this inquiry. On the off chance that the importance of human advancement is the appearances of the advancement that man has accomplished in his life, at that point there is no uncertainty that man has prevailing with regards to accomplishing this in numerous pieces of the earth at the same time, then again, actually he didn't proceed with it and push it advance and create himself, and accomplish more developments as progress did Old. 

The Egyptian progress, despite the fact that it is the most established human advancements, is simultaneously the most antiquated and true developments that have enduring effect on contemporary and later developments. In spite of this initiative and the reasonable effect on different developments, one can't prevent the prudence from getting different civic establishments in later times, for example, the Babylonian and Assyrian human advancements in Mesopotamia, the Phoenician progress in Syria, the Persian civilization in Persia, and the Greek and Roman human advancements in Greece and the Romans. 

At the point when we take a gander at certain parts of progress, we ensure the degree of authority and profundity of the impact of the Egyptian human advancement, for instance composing arrived at Egypt around 3500 BC, where hieroglyphic composing showed up, at that point hieratic composition, at that point demotic content, at that point Coptic content, before others. Developments of the Ancient World. 

Furthermore, if Egypt didn't have a clue about the total letter set, as its phonemic development depended on signs with one letter, two with two letters, and three letters with three letters, and if the Phoenicians in Syria were the principal people groups to know the full letter set, at that point they were influenced in that by the Sinaitic letter set (proportion To the Sinai Peninsula), which uncovered its signs in the stones of Jabal al-Maghara and Serabit al-Khadim in South Sinai. From the Phoenician letter set, the Greek and Latin letters in order were determined, from which the advanced European letters in order were inferred. 

In the field of composing materials, the Egyptians prevailing with regards to making paper before others of the papyrus plant, which is a three-sided stem plant that used to fill in shrubs and swamps, and on the banks of the Nile and the shores of lakes. 

Papyrus stayed being used all through the Pharaonic time, and in the Greek and Roman times, and imported from Egypt, Greece and the Romans, and was sent out to the nations of the East through one of the Mediterranean ports (which is the port of Byblos close to Beirut), which was referred to in Greek messages as "Byblos", which is the name It is gotten from the word papyrus. Bedouins kept on utilizing papyrus until the 10th century, when they embraced the Chinese technique for making paper. Papyrus is as yet utilized in Egypt and outside Egypt for the travel industry purposes, and a declaration of correspondence between the past and the present. 

In the field of writing (particularly astuteness writing, exhortation, axioms, and serenades), the old Egyptians arrived at an extraordinary arrangement, as this sort of writing left an incredible effect in Asia, so the melody of Akhenaten (one of the eighteenth administration rulers who controlled in the fourteenth century BC) - is the principal thought An Egyptian calls for monotheism that depends on the love of one god, specifically: Aton (the circle of the sun), and he dismissed the assortment of the divine beings that won in Egypt before Akhenaten went out to the old world with his new calling, and picked a spot other than the capital Thebes (at present Luxor), and this spot is Tell el-Amarna (Dermawas Center, Minya Governorate), to dwell in it and welcome him to his god Aton. 

Akhenaten got away from his new god with a magnificent song recorded on the dividers of the burial place of one of his partners, Ay, the High Priest of Aten, who later became lord of Egypt. Scientists in the study of relative religions have seen that there is a practically complete match between what was referenced in the song and what was referenced in Psalm 104 of the Psalms of the Prophet David, upon him be tuberculosis.

Cent NESU

Cent Nesu, "the king's sister."

  - In the era of the second transition

 The earliest known examples of this title can be traced back to the Seventeenth Dynasty, as it was taken by the two queens, "Sobek M.S. S."  And the queen, “Aah Hatti,” is the wife of the king, “Sqnen Ra the First,” and the mother of the king, “Ahmose the First”.

  - In the era of the modern state

 In the Eighteenth Dynasty, Queen Ahmose Nefertari, wife of Ahmose the First, took this title, as did the daughters of this king, who are: “Merit Amun,” “Sat Amun,” “Sat Khams,” and “Hantat Thameh.” The queen also took it.  Aah Hatta, the second, the wife of the king, “Amnehat the first,”; the two queens, “Aah Mas,” and “Mutt Naft”, the two wives of the king, “Tuthmosis the First,”; Queen “Hatshepsut,” and her daughter, “Nefru-Ra”;  The third, "Queen Aret," wife of King Tuthmosis the Fourth, and Nefertiti, wife of Akhenaten.

 In the nineteenth family, queens did not take this title, while the wives of statesmen were described by the word (his sister).

 In the Twentieth Dynasty, only Queen Teti, wife of King Rameses III, took this title.

 It is worth noting that most of those who took the title (the king's sister) also had the title (the king's wife), or (the king's great wife).  Their assumption of the two titles together calls for thinking about whether the king's wife is really his sister, or that the title (the king's sister) does not mean in most cases that its bearer is really the king's sister, and that it is nothing more than an honorary title, and an honor bestowed upon the queens by the kings.

 In fact, the issue of (wife / sister) has differed according to the opinions of scholars, so the brother’s marriage to his sister, which is now seeing something strange to us, may have been a normal thing in ancient Egypt.  The two deities “Auxerre” and “Set” took from their two sisters “Isz” (Isis) and “Nabet Hat” (Nephthys) as their spouses, and this intermarriage between the deities may have become a model for the Egyptians, especially in the royal family, to preserve the purity of royal blood.

 In the Eighteenth Dynasty, Queen "Ahmose Nefertari" was the husband of her brother, King "Ahmose the First", and the Queen "Aah Hatti the Second" was also the husband of her brother, the King, "Amenah the First", among other examples.

 As for people, it was referred to - in their texts - to the wife as (his beloved sister, his beloved wife);  Sometimes she is referred to only as (his lovely sister);  Sometimes it was referred to as “the sister who occupies your heart”; or: “Your beloved sister who likes to talk to her.” Such phrases were undoubtedly referring to the wife.

 This and if the king’s marriage - if our interpretation of the sources is correct - with his sister aims to preserve the purity of royal blood, then the marriage of an ordinary person to his sister may have been the fruit of intimacy, affection and family bonding, or a desire to preserve the family’s property without squandering it by marrying strangers.

  It is also worth noting that if some of the holders of this title were sisters to their husbands, then some of them were not sisters to the husbands, whether they were kings or persons other than the royal house.  Because it seems that the word (sister) has come to mean (beloved), so the title (sister of the king) is nothing but a description that describes the queen, meaning that she is (the lover), and she is the one who is in the status of a sister.

 What confirms this is that the title (the king's wife) comes in most cases directly after the title (the king's sister), which indicates that both titles complement the other.

 Also, Queen T, the wife of the king, “Gendethe III,” - for example - was described as (his sister), and she is not a full sister or even half-sister of the king.

 Likewise, "Nefertiti" - the wife of "Akhenaten" has taken the title (the king's sister), and there is no evidence that she is the sister of King Akhenaten.

 Likewise, what confirms that the word (sister) has come to mean (beloved) is the Egyptian love songs, in which the lovers used to always address the words (my brother) and (my sister).

  In one of the songs the girl says

 "Brother, it is nice to go to the lake and wash in front of you."

   The boy says

 "When I see my sister coming, my heart rejoices,

 I open my arms to embrace her, and my heart will rejoice in its place. "

cobra snake

The magnificence and accuracy of the ancient Egyptian artist

She appears with distinction in this rare masterpiece

(The cobra snake) It belongs to King Senusret II, the central state, the twelfth family. Today it is four thousand years old and it is of pure gold and inlaid with precious stones.

It was found in 1889 in the offering room in the pyramid of Lahoun in Fayoum.

Egyptian Museum.

Princess Nefert

Princess Nefert and her husband, Prince (Ra_hotep)

 The scientist Merritt found that the northern wall was wavy and uneven. Merritt realized that there was something behind the wall.

 He ordered the workers to drill through the wall to see what was behind it, and after they had drilled through it

And light the torches to see beyond the wall.

 The workers shouted in panic and ran out of the cemetery

And they were chanting, "In demons, in the neighborhood of people, this is a haunted cemetery."

 Merritt ordered the wall to be broken in order to see the most beautiful statue in the Egyptian monuments, Princess Nefert and her husband, Prince Ra Hotep.

 The lights of the torches were reflected from the eyes of alienation, giving the feeling that the statue was alive and looking at you ...

 Prince Ra Hotep, son of King Senefru, lived during the reign of Abiyya # _ the fourth family, and was a contemporary of his brother, King Khufu

Egyptian Museum .

god Amun

Statue of the god Amun

As imagined by the artist.

  Howard Carter bought it for one pound in 1917, and it is of pure gold .. and gave it to Lord Carnival on his birthday.

  It was found in the Temple of Karnak and dates back to the late era of the Twenty-second Dynasty and is now in the Metropolitan Museum.

Merit Aton

The statue of Princess Marit Aton, who is the daughter of Nefertiti and Akhenaten, sent a message to her husband (Smenkh Ka Ra), who was fighting on the battlefield outside Egypt in defense of Egypt.

   Here we see (Merit Aton L.) writing a letter to her husband and lover on the battlefield, expressing the thinnest words and sweetest phrases and saying:

"I will be waiting for you ... always waiting for you..so waiting for you is the hope in which I live and live for it, and as long as the amulet of Hathor adorns your broad chest and its twin adorns my wrist, God will preserve you so that you return safely to me as you promised me with the sanctuary of the temple

My love, I will be waiting for you, and I will wear my most beautiful outfits, such as the tree that is adorned with its most beautiful flowers, my beloved

Egyptian Mummy’s DNA

The Extraction of an Ancient Egyptian Mummy’s DNA

Back in 1915, US archaeologists went on an excavation mission of the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Deir El-Bersha, where they discovered a hidden tomb. When they opened it, they found a mummy’s gruesomely severed head. The room, in which they discovered the tomb, was the final resting place for a governor named Djehutynakht (juh-HOO-tuh-knocked) along with his wife. They are believed to have existened around 2000 BC during Egypt’s Middle Kingdom. Over the years, robbers have stolen the gold and jewels inside the chamber. In order to cover their tracks, they threw the headless, limbless mummified torso into one corner of the room, and set the room on fire.

The archaeologists tried to recover the painted coffins and anything that survived the theft, then sent them to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1921. The collection was exhibited in 2009. As for the body, the torso remained in Egypt, while the detached head became an unsolved mystery, waiting to be revealed. First, the museum needed to know if the head belonged to a he or a she (referring to the governor or his wife). They decided that only a DNA test would answer their question. However, in 2009, the extraction of DNA from mummies was still not a successful progress.

The head of the mummy was examined in Massachusetts General Hospital in 2005, using a CT scan, it was revealed that head had missing cheek bones and part of its jaw hinge. These features could have helped in determining the sex of the mummy. This destruction in the head spiked up another question: why is the face full of disfigurements? Dr. Rajiv Gupta, a neuroradiologist, stated that the attachment of muscles functioning in chewing and closure of the mouth were all taken out. It is believed that this disfigurement may be a part of the ancient mummification practice known as “opening of the mouth” ceremony. This ritual was done since Pharaohs believed that there was an afterlife, and so the deceased could eat, drink and breathe easier. Surprisingly enough, the cuts are very precise – ancient Egyptians somehow performed coronidectomy surgery 4,000 years ago.

What made extraction of DNA from Egyptian mummies so challenging is because of the very hot weather of the desert, rapidly degrading DNA. All attempts to obtain any DNA failed or the results were contaminated with modern DNA. The only option was to ask the Federal Bureau of Investigation for help.

It was decided by the doctors and museum staff that the only way to obtain the mummy’s DNA was to extract a tooth from its mouth. It’s well-known that teeth contain DNA. Many scientists tried to obtain DNA from the tooth, but they still failed. Until 2016, when the crown of the tooth reached the FBI’s lab in Quantico, Virginia. In the FBI’s lab, Dr. Odile Loreille, a forensic scientist, dug into the tooth, collected some powder, then dissolved it.

 The process contained analysis of the sample and the ratio of chromosomes in the sample. The DNA extracted showed signs of heavy damage, which meant that it was not a contaminated modern DNA. And it was a success! Finally, the head was identified: it belonged to a male. And by that, ancient Egyptian DNA could indeed be extracted from mummies. Who knows how many more mysteries can be revealed?