cobra snake

The magnificence and accuracy of the ancient Egyptian artist

She appears with distinction in this rare masterpiece

(The cobra snake) It belongs to King Senusret II, the central state, the twelfth family. Today it is four thousand years old and it is of pure gold and inlaid with precious stones.

It was found in 1889 in the offering room in the pyramid of Lahoun in Fayoum.

Egyptian Museum.

Princess Nefert

Princess Nefert and her husband, Prince (Ra_hotep)

 The scientist Merritt found that the northern wall was wavy and uneven. Merritt realized that there was something behind the wall.

 He ordered the workers to drill through the wall to see what was behind it, and after they had drilled through it

And light the torches to see beyond the wall.

 The workers shouted in panic and ran out of the cemetery

And they were chanting, "In demons, in the neighborhood of people, this is a haunted cemetery."

 Merritt ordered the wall to be broken in order to see the most beautiful statue in the Egyptian monuments, Princess Nefert and her husband, Prince Ra Hotep.

 The lights of the torches were reflected from the eyes of alienation, giving the feeling that the statue was alive and looking at you ...

 Prince Ra Hotep, son of King Senefru, lived during the reign of Abiyya # _ the fourth family, and was a contemporary of his brother, King Khufu

Egyptian Museum .

god Amun

Statue of the god Amun

As imagined by the artist.

  Howard Carter bought it for one pound in 1917, and it is of pure gold .. and gave it to Lord Carnival on his birthday.

  It was found in the Temple of Karnak and dates back to the late era of the Twenty-second Dynasty and is now in the Metropolitan Museum.

Merit Aton

The statue of Princess Marit Aton, who is the daughter of Nefertiti and Akhenaten, sent a message to her husband (Smenkh Ka Ra), who was fighting on the battlefield outside Egypt in defense of Egypt.

   Here we see (Merit Aton L.) writing a letter to her husband and lover on the battlefield, expressing the thinnest words and sweetest phrases and saying:

"I will be waiting for you ... always waiting for you..so waiting for you is the hope in which I live and live for it, and as long as the amulet of Hathor adorns your broad chest and its twin adorns my wrist, God will preserve you so that you return safely to me as you promised me with the sanctuary of the temple

My love, I will be waiting for you, and I will wear my most beautiful outfits, such as the tree that is adorned with its most beautiful flowers, my beloved

Egyptian Mummy’s DNA

The Extraction of an Ancient Egyptian Mummy’s DNA

Back in 1915, US archaeologists went on an excavation mission of the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Deir El-Bersha, where they discovered a hidden tomb. When they opened it, they found a mummy’s gruesomely severed head. The room, in which they discovered the tomb, was the final resting place for a governor named Djehutynakht (juh-HOO-tuh-knocked) along with his wife. They are believed to have existened around 2000 BC during Egypt’s Middle Kingdom. Over the years, robbers have stolen the gold and jewels inside the chamber. In order to cover their tracks, they threw the headless, limbless mummified torso into one corner of the room, and set the room on fire.

The archaeologists tried to recover the painted coffins and anything that survived the theft, then sent them to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1921. The collection was exhibited in 2009. As for the body, the torso remained in Egypt, while the detached head became an unsolved mystery, waiting to be revealed. First, the museum needed to know if the head belonged to a he or a she (referring to the governor or his wife). They decided that only a DNA test would answer their question. However, in 2009, the extraction of DNA from mummies was still not a successful progress.

The head of the mummy was examined in Massachusetts General Hospital in 2005, using a CT scan, it was revealed that head had missing cheek bones and part of its jaw hinge. These features could have helped in determining the sex of the mummy. This destruction in the head spiked up another question: why is the face full of disfigurements? Dr. Rajiv Gupta, a neuroradiologist, stated that the attachment of muscles functioning in chewing and closure of the mouth were all taken out. It is believed that this disfigurement may be a part of the ancient mummification practice known as “opening of the mouth” ceremony. This ritual was done since Pharaohs believed that there was an afterlife, and so the deceased could eat, drink and breathe easier. Surprisingly enough, the cuts are very precise – ancient Egyptians somehow performed coronidectomy surgery 4,000 years ago.

What made extraction of DNA from Egyptian mummies so challenging is because of the very hot weather of the desert, rapidly degrading DNA. All attempts to obtain any DNA failed or the results were contaminated with modern DNA. The only option was to ask the Federal Bureau of Investigation for help.

It was decided by the doctors and museum staff that the only way to obtain the mummy’s DNA was to extract a tooth from its mouth. It’s well-known that teeth contain DNA. Many scientists tried to obtain DNA from the tooth, but they still failed. Until 2016, when the crown of the tooth reached the FBI’s lab in Quantico, Virginia. In the FBI’s lab, Dr. Odile Loreille, a forensic scientist, dug into the tooth, collected some powder, then dissolved it.

 The process contained analysis of the sample and the ratio of chromosomes in the sample. The DNA extracted showed signs of heavy damage, which meant that it was not a contaminated modern DNA. And it was a success! Finally, the head was identified: it belonged to a male. And by that, ancient Egyptian DNA could indeed be extracted from mummies. Who knows how many more mysteries can be revealed?

Pharaohs of ancient Egypt (their customs and traditions)

 

Pharaohs of ancient Egypt (their customs and traditions)

 

Pharaoh, (means "incredible house"), initially, the illustrious royal residence in antiquated Egypt. The word came to be utilized metonymically for the Egyptian lord under the New Kingdom (beginning in the eighteenth administration, 1539–1292 BCE), and by the 22nd tradition (c. 945–c. 730 BCE) it had been embraced as an appellation of regard. It was never the lord's proper title, however, and its advanced use as a nonexclusive name for all Egyptian rulers depends on the use of the Hebrew Bible. In authentic records, the full title of the Egyptian ruler comprised of five names, each went before by one of the accompanying titles: Horus, Two Ladies, Golden Horus, King of Upper and Lower Egypt, and Son of Re. The last name was given to him during childbirth, the others at crowning celebration.

Egyptians consider the Pharaohs their Gods!

The Egyptians accepted their pharaoh to be the arbiter between the divine beings and the universe of men. After death the pharaoh got divine, related to Osiris, the dad of Horus and lord of the dead, and gave his sacrosanct powers and position to the new pharaoh, his child. The pharaoh's perfect status was depicted in symbolic terms: his uraeus (the snake on his crown) spat flares at his adversaries; he had the option to stomp on a huge number of the foe on the combat zone; and he was almighty, knowing it all and controlling nature and richness.

 

 

Pharaohs responsibilities) How pharaohs ruled Egypt)

As a celestial ruler, the pharaoh was the preserver of the inherent request, called maat. He possessed an enormous part of Egypt's territory and coordinated its utilization, was answerable for his kin's monetary and profound government assistance, and apportioned equity to his subjects. His will was preeminent, and he administered by illustrious announcement. To administer decently, however, the pharaoh needed to assign obligation; his central partner was the vizier, who, among different obligations, was boss equity, top of the depository, and administrator everything being equal. Underneath this focal position, the illustrious will of the pharaoh was regulated through the nomes, or regions, into which Upper and Lower Egypt were isolated.

 

Numerous researchers accept the primary pharaoh was Narmer, additionally called Menes. In spite of the fact that there is some discussion among specialists, many accept he was the primary ruler to join upper and lower Egypt (this is the reason pharaohs hold the title of "master of two terrains").

Female pharaohs!

 Pharaohs were ordinarily male, in spite of the fact that there were some essential female pioneers, as Hatshepsut and Cleopatra. Hatshepsut, specifically, was an effective ruler, however numerous engravings and landmarks about her were devastated after her demise—maybe to prevent future ladies from turning out to be pharaohs.

Pharaohs believed that there is Life after death

After their demises, numerous pharaohs were buried and encircled by wealth they were intended to use in life following death. Travelers and archeologists have found these burial chambers and took in a lot about antiquated Egyptian culture from them. One exceptionally well-known model was in 1922 when prehistorian Howard Carter found the burial chamber of King Tutankhamen, a pharaoh who passed on when he was just nineteen.

 

Elephantine Temple

The reuse and reusing of funerary landmarks and assortments happened since the commencement of old Egypt from many rulers and aristocrats of old Egypt (which is regularly called the usurpation of the artifacts of the progenitors) - and a long way from that advanced idea of considering a few rulers ransacked the relics of their precursors and thinking of them as insatiable rulers who reused the ancient pieces Those who went before them for individual magnificence, however by and large there were loved strict purposes behind doing as such ... What occurred during the rule of King Senusret I of re-fixing old offices that were harmed, was a model that Queen Hatshepsut continued in modifying, reestablishing and fixing tremendous structures Affected offices 

On account of sacrosanct design, the demolition of strict offices and landmarks according to the antiquated Egyptian was commensurate to obliterating the inestimable world and reestablishing its maintenance and rebuilding is the reclamation of the world to the hallowed scene and the framework once more 

Very nearly a century after the removal of the Hyksos, Queen Hatshepsut expressed on the dividers of her sanctuary known as Istabl Antar, south of Minya, that these intruders didn't care for the Egyptian culture, and that she fixed what was obliterated and modified what was annihilated when the Asians were living in Awares in the Delta and he used to live among them. The drifters who annihilated what existed, on the grounds that they were administering without the god Ra. "This is the manner by which the content says, albeit numerous Hyksos lords bore the name" Ra " 

The fundamental element of the arrangement that Hatshepsut followed and afterward Tuthmosis III followed was development all through the nation .... It appears to be that Queen Hatshepsut started reestablishing the nation and kept on thinking about and change it. 

The principle objective of these sanctuary redesigns was that all rulers in old Egypt discovered crushed sanctuaries, including those worked of mud blocks from prior times ... The possibility of ​​renovation was communicated in structures that were reestablished and mostly remade, which portrays a gathering of development works during the rule of Hatshepsut. Furthermore, Thutmose III attested that this style was not created in the Eighteenth Dynasty, yet was utilized significantly sooner during the rule of King Senusret the First. 

Every one of these rulers accepted that the world that they found had been harmed to an enormous degree, so their job was to modify the crushed nation and reestablish request to it, and make and recharge structures, that is, to reestablish Maat (the inestimable framework) once more. 

Lords used to depict the decay of the current world from one viewpoint and its reestablishment then again. There were numerous highlights connecting the rule of Senusret I and the reign of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III in remaking and fixing what was harmed. 

Senusret likewise sought after a similar political and change program in the nation that his dad, Amenemhat, had taken, and Hatshepsut and Thutmose III finished it, and after them Horemheb and Seti the First Ramses II, and hence this was a convention followed, and it appears to be that Senusret I acquired this idea from his dad and kept on reconstructing the nation 

For the reasons for the regal philosophy, the decimated world was spoken to in detail as a picture that mirrors the demolished custom scene in three writings, including two writings from two elephants, one of which is a regal pronouncement composed on the mass of the sanctuary and the other is engraved on an uncommon plaque ... furthermore, the third content comes from the city of al-Toud in Luxor, the focal point of the religion of the nit "Minto" Lord War, toward the start of the rule of King Senusret the First 

The sanctuary on Elephantine was in an extremely helpless condition as per the content safeguarded on the external mass of the sanctuary where the recorded content says: "The Great Hall was a heap of rubble on the ground ... There is no information on shrewdness, no room in the sanctuary for the undertakings of ladies (priestesses), no spot For the "HM-NTR" (The Priest) ... No entryway, no entryway papers to seal the crates 

It appears to be that the regal engraving shows the genuine condition of the terrible scene in the Temple of Elephantine, and a similar data was introduced in another content of what befell this honorable structure: "A few pieces of it vanished, its dividers were demolished, and all the rooms were loaded with rubble, and the earth gulped its holiness .... and so forth 

A similar picture is comparable in a book recorded on the mass of the Temple of the Toud in Luxor during the rule of King Senusret the First: "Every one of its rooms were heaps on the ground, the blessed spot was totally failed to remember